{ "id": "bb-1939-02-01-6", "title": "The emblem heading the Bulletin’s “WHO’S WHO in BEND” directory, February 1939", "publisher": "The Bend Bulletin, 1939-02-01, image 6; Historic Oregon Newspapers", "sourceClass": "primary", "url": "https://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn90051770/1939-02-01/ed-1/seq-6/", "accessedOn": "2026-09-14", "notes": "Two impressions of the emblem bracket the banner of a business directory on the first day that feature ran: BEND reversed out of a solid disc, white letters, about 147 px across on the native scan. The same device heads the directory in every year sampled through 3 January 1951. Found by sweeping outsized issues for round devices, then tracing the feature by its headline, which OCR can read although it can never see the drawing beside it. The earliest impression yet found inside the gap that ran from 1917 to 2001.", "record": "https://bendemblem.com/archive/bb-1939-02-01-6/", "evidence": { "id": "bb-1939-02-01-6", "kind": "variant", "date": "1939-02-01", "summary": "The emblem heads the Bulletin’s “WHO’S WHO in BEND” business directory on the day that feature began, and on every sampled issue of it for the next twelve years — a run of dated impressions through the middle of what the archive had called its largest gap.", "findings": [ "On 1 February 1939 the Bend Bulletin began a business directory headed “WHO’S WHO in BEND — an alphabetical classified directory of reliable business and professional” services. Two impressions of the emblem bracket its banner on page 6.", "The device is the word BEND reversed out of a solid disc — white letters, no ring drawn on the field — about 147 px across on the native scan, roughly half an inch printed.", "The same device heads the directory on every one of the eighteen dates opened between 1939 and 1951: 1939-02-01, 1940-01-03, 1940-08-08, 1941-01-01, 1943-01-02, 1943-09-01, 1943-12-24, 1944-12-23, 1945-05-08, 1945-12-24, 1946-12-24, 1947-01-02, 1947-05-08, 1948-01-03, 1949-01-03, 1950-01-03, 1950-08-16, 1951-01-03. Each was confirmed by opening the page at native resolution, not by the detector alone.", "The directory has about 1,700 OCR hits across 1939 to 1951 in the harvested page text, thinning through 1952. The device was found by sweeping the 1950-08-16 issue for round devices; the feature was then traced through its headline, which OCR can read even though it can never see the drawing.", "Measured against the 1912 cut in research, the 1939 impression scores 0.887 and holds within 0.009 across every device cut — the tightest reading anything in the gap has produced, against 0.687 and a spread of 0.14 for the Chamber’s 1953 drawing. It is not entered in the measured collection: doing so pulls the museum’s 2020 drawing into a published cluster on a pair the sweep cannot confirm, and that is a decision about what /emblems/ asserts. See the dating memo." ], "limitations": [ "Eighteen dates have been opened between 1939 and 1951, out of roughly 1,700 OCR hits for the feature. That is a sample of a ledger, not a count of every issue, and no claim is made that every issue carried it. The dates opened were chosen because their issues ran long, so they are not a random sample either.", "The three issues immediately before 1 February 1939 were swept and carry no device. That makes the date a floor for this feature, not a proof that nothing earlier exists: a device the sweep did not propose is not a device that was not printed.", "3 January 1951 is the latest impression opened, not the last printing. The tail through 1952 is unexamined.", "The device’s figure was first declared dark, which produced 0.12 against the 1912 cut. Enlarging the region five times shows white letters on a solid disc; declared light it produces 0.887. The correction is recorded because the first reading was wrong, not because the second is beyond doubt.", "Nothing here names the device, credits a designer, claims a right in it, or connects it to the Emblem Club. It is a newspaper’s masthead ornament on its own directory, dated and nothing more." ], "objects": [ { "path": "archive/online-research/2026-09-14-directory-masthead/1939-02-01-seq6-device-native.jpg", "sha256": "6f75b41a01b3a0baea95ab47648ee4d69b685d0e751caeaf282c113b1eee4e91", "url": "https://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/images/iiif/batch_oru_20260302disk11a02_ver01%2Fdata%2Fsn90051770%2F15021200002%2F1939020101%2F0462.jp2/2670,1932,159,166/full/0/default.jpg", "accessedOn": "2026-09-14", "role": "Received source bytes — the device at native resolution." }, { "path": "archive/online-research/2026-09-14-directory-masthead/1939-02-01-seq6.pdf", "sha256": "bdf9b354fc1d57eb91dacf9580203f292f2af805f66c4c84e476691e61b94310", "url": "https://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn90051770/1939-02-01/ed-1/seq-6.pdf", "accessedOn": "2026-09-14", "role": "Received source bytes — the whole page it sits on." }, { "path": "archive/online-research/2026-09-14-directory-masthead/1950-08-16-seq10-device-native.jpg", "sha256": "ccd742d4e2bf103ff9717bcdb77d11d51f01a67bd254d9d54c783dcfe992c99c", "url": "https://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/images/iiif/batch_oru_20210901Foo12_ver01%2Fdata%2Fsn90051770%2F15021200026%2F1950081601%2F0084.jp2/136,2806,160,163/full/0/default.jpg", "accessedOn": "2026-09-14", "role": "Received source bytes — the impression the sweep found." }, { "path": "archive/online-research/2026-09-14-directory-masthead/1950-08-16-seq10.pdf", "sha256": "10d69e26bdeb92a32f81a908471185886349a0f3c022a51ba502193767295cc1", "url": "https://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn90051770/1950-08-16/ed-1/seq-10.pdf", "accessedOn": "2026-09-14", "role": "Received source bytes — the whole page it sits on." }, { "path": "archive/online-research/2026-09-14-directory-masthead/1941-01-01-seq7-device-native.jpg", "sha256": "533670fd346016841bb10469e3224f371bf74e6b7ea9bf709b378e265c866187", "url": "https://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/images/iiif/batch_oru_20260302disk11a02_ver01%2Fdata%2Fsn90051770%2F15021200006%2F1941010101%2F0253.jp2/84,3710,165,165/full/0/default.jpg", "accessedOn": "2026-09-14", "role": "Received source bytes — continuity witness." }, { "path": "archive/online-research/2026-09-14-directory-masthead/1947-01-02-seq5-device-native.jpg", "sha256": "dd8f44886681795e8ea9a60b6e8b2fa84f0475bf5537a1dcdb4f174d7810e5c9", "url": "https://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/images/iiif/batch_oru_20210901Foo12_ver01%2Fdata%2Fsn90051770%2F15021200016%2F1947010201%2F0603.jp2/3712,2633,155,155/full/0/default.jpg", "accessedOn": "2026-09-14", "role": "Received source bytes — continuity witness." }, { "path": "archive/online-research/2026-09-14-directory-masthead/1951-01-03-seq6-device-native.jpg", "sha256": "d48f8da54977b99019ed45a9f2216d5f070700c97e9e16b4763f294e3f63881f", "url": "https://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/images/iiif/batch_oru_20210901Foo12_ver01%2Fdata%2Fsn90051770%2F15021200027%2F1951010301%2F0132.jp2/3988,3833,165,165/full/0/default.jpg", "accessedOn": "2026-09-14", "role": "Received source bytes — the latest witness opened." } ], "images": [ { "original": "archive/online-research/2026-09-14-directory-masthead/1939-02-01-seq6-device-native.jpg", "page": null, "box": [ 0, 0, 159, 166 ], "title": "The emblem at the head of the Bulletin’s business directory, 1 February 1939.", "rights": "The Bend Bulletin · Historic Oregon Newspapers, University of Oregon; documentary reproduction, excluded from the project artwork license.", "color": false, "width": 900, "render": "Native-resolution IIIF region, 159×166; the printed device is 147 px across.", "sha256": "6f75b41a01b3a0baea95ab47648ee4d69b685d0e751caeaf282c113b1eee4e91", "from": "archive/online-research/2026-09-14-directory-masthead/1939-02-01-seq6-device-native.jpg" }, { "original": "archive/online-research/2026-09-14-directory-masthead/1950-08-16-seq10-device-native.jpg", "page": null, "box": [ 0, 0, 160, 163 ], "title": "The same device eleven years later, 16 August 1950 — the impression the sweep found.", "rights": "The Bend Bulletin · Historic Oregon Newspapers, University of Oregon; documentary reproduction, excluded from the project artwork license.", "color": false, "width": 900, "render": "Native-resolution IIIF region, 160×163. Over-inked to the point where the counters have closed, which is why it is read by eye and not measured.", "sha256": "ccd742d4e2bf103ff9717bcdb77d11d51f01a67bd254d9d54c783dcfe992c99c", "from": "archive/online-research/2026-09-14-directory-masthead/1950-08-16-seq10-device-native.jpg" } ], "sourceIds": [], "review": { "status": "image-reviewed", "method": "Every dated impression cited was opened at native resolution and looked at; the detector proposed, and a person confirmed. OCR was used only to locate the feature.", "reviewedOn": "2026-09-14" }, "family": "the-1917-rounded-cut", "origin": "The Bend Bulletin’s own masthead ornament for its business directory, first printed 1 February 1939. Where the paper got the cut is not documented here." }, "measurement": [ { "id": "bb-1939-02-01-6", "label": "Bulletin business directory, February 1939", "recordId": "bb-1939-02-01-6", "role": "specimen", "family": { "id": "the-1917-rounded-cut", "name": "The 1917 rounding", "diagnostic": "The 1912 cut's broad letters and three-armed E with corners that turn in a curve, and the last letter still tapering to a point." }, "standsAlone": false, "construction": "The rounded construction", "confidence": "medium", "readAt": 138.9, "readAtBasis": "the letters alone, at this drawing's own letter cut", "metrics": [ { "key": "deviceAspect", "label": "Device aspect", "what": "The roundel’s width divided by its height. 1.000 is a true circle; anything else is an oval, or a photograph taken at an angle.", "range": "0.977 – 1.048 across the collection", "value": 0.987 }, { "key": "wordAspect", "label": "Word aspect", "what": "The same ratio for the block of BEND letters alone, once cropped to their own ink.", "range": "0.927 – 1.862; the high end is lettering set wide rather than stacked", "value": 0.995 }, { "key": "figureInk", "label": "Figure ink", "what": "How much of the drawing is ink rather than ground. A heavy ring and fat letters push it up.", "range": "0.169 – 0.728, median 0.493", "value": 0.6197 }, { "key": "coverage", "label": "Coverage", "what": "How much of the normalised square the letters fill once every drawing is reduced to the same size.", "range": "0.198 – 0.576, median 0.456", "value": 0.5163 } ], "nearest": [ { "id": "bb-1912-07-03", "label": "Bend Park Company, July 1912", "iou": 0.8866, "reading": "a family resemblance, not the same cut", "href": "/archive/bb-1912-07-03/" }, { "id": "bb-1912-07-03-page", "label": "The same 1912 advertisement, from the page render", "iou": 0.88, "reading": "a family resemblance, not the same cut", "href": "/archive/bb-1912-07-03/" }, { "id": "news-1916-11-22-9", "label": "The Bend Bulletin, November 1916", "iou": 0.8605, "reading": "a family resemblance, not the same cut", "href": "/archive/news-1916-11-22-9/" } ], "furthest": { "id": "bb-1949-08-24-12", "label": "Bulletin business directory, August 1949", "iou": 0.1416, "href": "/archive/bb-1949-08-24-12/" }, "ties": [ { "from": "bb-1912-07-03", "to": "bb-1939-02-01-6", "kind": "measured", "label": "0.88, steady at every cut", "basis": "The 1939 directory masthead scores 0.8825 to 0.8916 against the July 1912 advertisement across every device cut — a spread of 0.009, the tightest any pair inside the 1917 to 2001 gap has held. The same-artwork band here is the 0.975 control and the 0.930 the 1916 reprint reaches, so this is the construction and not the block: a drawing of the same letters, not an impression of the same cut.", "test": null, "cites": [] } ], "excludedReason": null, "control": 0.975 } ], "appearances": [], "appearanceLeads": [], "exhibit": { "id": "bb-1939-02-01-6", "title": "Who’s Who in Bend, 1939", "intro": "The emblem at both ends of a business directory’s banner, on the day that directory began — and on it for the next twelve years.", "body": [ "On Wednesday 1 February 1939 the Bend Bulletin started a new feature on page 6, and set its banner in three sizes across two lines. Beneath it, three columns of headings: Auto Painting, Auto Repair, Beauty Shops, Flowers, Insurance, Musical Merchandise, Photographer, Service Stations, Shoe Repairing, Signs, Taxidermist, Vulcanizing-Recapping — each with one or two businesses under it, their addresses and their telephone numbers.", "At each end of the banner, about half an inch across, is the emblem. The word BEND reversed out of a solid disc in white — condensed interlocking capitals filling the circle edge to edge, a capital N with its diagonal, the B’s two bowls meeting in a notch, the E built with three arms.", "This archive has long described the years between the emblem’s last dated drawing and its next as its largest gap: March 1917, after a butter advertisement, to August 2001, when a Chamber of Commerce roundel was captured on a website. The Chamber’s own full page of June 1953 put one dated drawing in the middle of it, and the same sweep that found this directory has since put the emblem on a lumber advertisement in June 1917 and on the 1925 county fair edition. What this adds is not another point but a run: the same device heads the same directory in every year sampled, from 1939 to 29 May 1951, which is the last issue the feature ran in.", "It was found by machine and confirmed by eye, in that order. A detector swept the paper’s outsized issues for round devices and proposed two on page 10 of 16 August 1950. Opening that page showed a recurring feature with a headline — and a headline is the one thing OCR can read here, since it can never see the drawing beside it. Searching 82,187 pages of already-harvested page text for that banner returned about 1,700 hits and, with them, the page number for every date.", "Twenty-four of those dates have now been opened, spread across 12 years from 1939 to 1951, and the device is on every one — including the war years, when the paper ran thin and the directory kept its place. Each date is listed with its address in the sweep memo, because “the device is on every one” is a claim about pages somebody read and the addresses are what make it checkable. That is also the honest size of it: a sample of a ledger, not a count of every issue, and not a random sample either, because the issues opened were the ones that ran long. The three issues immediately before 1 February 1939 were swept and carry nothing, which makes that date a floor for the feature rather than a proof about the emblem.", "The other end of the run is now measured rather than left at “the latest page anyone has looked at”. The feature’s headline and its two-line strapline are separate signatures of the same banner, and OCR can read both even though it can never see the drawing between them. Across 1930 to 1963, with every enumerated page of the harvest examined and none uncached, the two together give 1,535 issues from 6 February 1939 to 29 May 1951 and nothing after — and June, July and August of 1951 are fully cached, so the feature stopped rather than the harvest. That last issue has been opened: page 4, both devices at the ends of the banner, and the third letter running backwards in each, which is the 1950 block still in use.", "1,535 is a floor and not a census. Measured against the twenty-four dates a person has confirmed by eye, the headline search alone recovers nineteen. It misses this archive’s own filed plates of 1 February 1939 and 16 August 1950, because a display face is exactly what optical text is worst at — and it misses 29 May 1951, the last issue of all, which only the strapline reaches. That last miss is why the run was bounded with two signatures rather than one. So the feature ran at least that often, and it began before either signature’s first hit.", "What the run does not say is worth stating too. A newspaper printing a civic device on its own business directory is a newspaper using a mark, not a record of who cut it, who owned it, or what anyone thought it meant. Measured in research against the 1912 advertisement the 1939 impression scores 0.887 and holds within 0.009 however the device is cut — its closest match on file, tighter than anything else in the gap, and closer than the Chamber’s 1953 drawing manages. It is deliberately not entered in the measured collection: admitting it would pull the museum’s 2020 drawing into a published cluster on a pair the sweep cannot confirm, and what this site groups together is not a thing to settle in passing. The number is recorded; the grouping waits." ], "related": [ "bb-1925-09-19-32", "news-1953-06-16-18", "news-1917-02-20-2", "bb-1912-07-03", "chamber-2001-emblem" ], "date": "1939-02-01", "collection": "emblems", "publication": "The Bend Bulletin", "images": [ { "name": "plate-1", "from": "archive/online-research/2026-09-14-directory-masthead/bb-1939-02-01-6-page-1.jpg", "original": "archive/online-research/2026-09-14-directory-masthead/1939-02-01-seq6.pdf", "page": 1, "sha256": "0ed85b57337e66472da758e696e60944346763767c892d44260f1bd313b52039", "box": [ 1148, 836, 819, 820 ], "width": 1000, "caption": "The directory’s banner on its first day, with the emblem at both ends, 1 February 1939.", "alt": "A newspaper business directory headed “WHO’S WHO in BEND”, with a circular BEND device at each end of the banner and three columns of trade headings beneath it.", "credit": "The Bend Bulletin · Historic Oregon Newspapers, University of Oregon", "sourceUrl": "https://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn90051770/1939-02-01/ed-1/seq-6/", "color": true }, { "name": "emblem", "from": "archive/online-research/2026-09-14-directory-masthead/1939-02-01-seq6-device-native.jpg", "original": "archive/online-research/2026-09-14-directory-masthead/1939-02-01-seq6-device-native.jpg", "page": null, "sha256": "6f75b41a01b3a0baea95ab47648ee4d69b685d0e751caeaf282c113b1eee4e91", "box": [ 0, 0, 159, 166 ], "width": 900, "caption": "The device at native resolution — 147 px across, about half an inch printed.", "alt": "A solid circular device with the word BEND reversed out in white condensed interlocking capitals filling it edge to edge.", "credit": "The Bend Bulletin · Historic Oregon Newspapers, University of Oregon", "sourceUrl": "https://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn90051770/1939-02-01/ed-1/seq-6/", "color": true }, { "name": "emblem-1950", "from": "archive/online-research/2026-09-14-directory-masthead/1950-08-16-seq10-device-native.jpg", "original": "archive/online-research/2026-09-14-directory-masthead/1950-08-16-seq10-device-native.jpg", "page": null, "sha256": "ccd742d4e2bf103ff9717bcdb77d11d51f01a67bd254d9d54c783dcfe992c99c", "box": [ 0, 0, 160, 163 ], "width": 900, "caption": "The same device eleven years on, 16 August 1950 — the impression the sweep actually proposed, inked until its counters closed.", "alt": "The same circular BEND device, printed so heavily that the white letters are reduced to thin slivers against the ink.", "credit": "The Bend Bulletin · Historic Oregon Newspapers, University of Oregon", "sourceUrl": "https://oregonnews.uoregon.edu/lccn/sn90051770/1950-08-16/ed-1/seq-10/", "color": true } ], "quote": "WHO’S WHO in BEND\n\nAN ALPHABETICAL CLASSIFIED DIRECTORY OF RELIABLE BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL OFFICES" }, "displayAssets": [ { "path": "/archive/bb-1939-02-01-6/plate-1.webp", "source": "archive/online-research/2026-09-14-directory-masthead/bb-1939-02-01-6-page-1.jpg", "sourceBox": [ 1148, 836, 819, 820 ], "height": 724, "bytes": 63528, "width": 723, "quality": 52, "title": "The directory’s banner on its first day, with the emblem at both ends, 1 February 1939.", "rights": "The Bend Bulletin · Historic Oregon Newspapers, University of Oregon", "derivation": "Cut from archive/online-research/2026-09-14-directory-masthead/1939-02-01-seq6.pdf, PDF page 1; display source archive/online-research/2026-09-14-directory-masthead/bb-1939-02-01-6-page-1.jpg: 819×820 px at (1148, 836). 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